Millet Fistula Control Measures
The pathogen of wheat gluten disease is Pyricularia grisea, a fungus belonging to the fungus Aspergillus spp. The widespread occurrence in the millet production areas in China is an important gas transmission epidemic disease of millet. In recent years, due to the poor resistance of the popular varieties, the hazards have been increasing year by year in some areas.
1. Disease characteristics Millet can develop at all growth stages, and can invade parts of leaves, leaf sheaths, nodes, panicles, cobs, or spikes, causing different symptoms such as leafhoppers, panicle blasts, ear blasts, etc. The occurrence of panicle blast is widespread and severely hazardous. Ye Xie: The seedling stage of the millet can be infected. The pathogen invades the leaves. The oval-shaped dark brown water spots appear first. Afterwards, it develops into a spindle-shaped spot, with a gray center and a brownish edge, with some yellow halos. When the air humidity is high, the gray spot on the back of the lesion (conidial stems and conidia of the pathogen). In severe cases, the lesions are dense and confluent with irregular long spindle-shaped spots, resulting in localized dead leaves or dead leaves. Occasionally, leaf sheaths can also be infested to form sheath sheaths, which are characterized by oval dark brown lesions. When severe, most confluences expand and grow into oval or irregular lesions, causing leaf sheaths to die. Severe onset often occurs before and after heading, thallus, first appear yellow brown or dark brown small lesions, gradually expand around the whole section, hinder the nutrient delivery, affect the grouting, and even cause the upper part of the disease withered, easy to lodging. Head and neck ridges: lesions on the neck and neck, beginning with brown dots, gradually expanding upwards and downwards into dark browns, and lesions with early lesions that develop quickly can surround the panicle and neck, resulting in complete panicle death. Schizophrenia: The incidence and browning on the main axis of the spike will cause the half ear to die; or the incidence and browning of the spikelet stem, impede the development of the spikelet on its development, early yellowish-white death, and late dark gray, forming a "dead" , not strong or dried up. Grifola enteritidis has a high degree of pathogenic differentiation and there are different physiological races.
2. Occurrence of disease The glutenous pathogenic bacteria mainly overwinter in the field or on the diseased seed with the diseased body, becoming the source of infestation in early winter. The pathogenic conidia germinate in water to form germ tubes, appressorium cells, and hyphae, which can directly penetrate the epidermal cells or invade the leaves or sheaths through the stomata. The inner cobs of the pathogens invade from the branches of the spikelet stems, and the stem sections are mostly from the Outsourced leaf sheath invasion. After the onset of the field, the conidia on the lesions of the leaves were reinfested by air flow and rainwater spreading. The prevalence of gluten disease is greatly affected by meteorological conditions. Precipitation in the growing season, humidity in the field, and degree of condensation often have important effects on the incidence of millet. Under normal circumstances, humidity 25 °C, relative humidity greater than 80%, is conducive to the occurrence and spread of the disease. Chungu District has high humidity and rain in July and late July, which is conducive to the occurrence of leafhoppers. From late July to early August, more rain, dew, and lack of light, and low temperatures are conducive to the occurrence of panicle blast. The fields were planted densely, the humidity was high, and the incidence of heavy rainfall was heavy. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in the risk of glutinous crops being tainted in cereals and heavy in clay and low-lying land. August was the peak period of gluten disease in North China. There is a significant difference in disease resistance among different varieties.
3. Survey points from the seedling stage began to pay attention to check whether there are no typical fusiform lesions on the plant leaves, in the early stages of disease prevention and treatment should be promptly.
4. Control technology
(1) Agricultural control: plant disease-resistant varieties. Strengthen field cultivation and management, reasonably adjust planting density, timely drainage and irrigation, rational fertilization, avoid partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, combined with application of phosphorus and potash fertilizer, or combine deep ploughing with layered fertilization to increase plant disease resistance. After sick fields are harvested, they are promptly removed from the disease and a 2-3 year rotation is implemented.
(2) Chemical control: When the leaf spot is first seen in the field, 2% kasugamycin wettable powder 500-600 times liquid, 20% tricyclazole wettable powder 1000 times liquid, or 40% kasei powder may be used. 500 -800 times liquid spray. If the disease progresses quickly, spray it again 5-7 days. In order to prevent panicle blasts, one control for the panicle can be performed at the heading stage.
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