Is it absolutely possible to "no anti-breeding"?

American fast food chain giant McDonald's announced on August 23 that it will start its global broiler suppliers to stop using human antibiotics in 2018 to prevent more super bacteria. This news has renewed attention to topics related to aquaculture and food health.

This type of human antibiotic is listed as the "highest priority antibacterial drug" HPCIA in human medicine by the World Health Organization. McDonald's proposed that suppliers in Australia and Russia will stop using HPCIA by the end of 2019, while all European suppliers will opt out of an antibiotic called polymyxin, and the rest of the market will be discontinued by January 2027. antibiotic.

Regardless of China's first list of “stopping resistance” in McDonald's, from the perspective of sustainable development, the global animal husbandry industry is trending from anti-breeding to non-resistance farming.

Anti-breeding originates from “promoting livestock and poultry growth”

“The addition of antibiotics to feed can significantly increase the growth of livestock and poultry” – since the results of this study were first reported in 1946, antibiotics have been widely used as feed additives in various countries around the world.

According to a survey by the National Institute of Animal Health, the use of animal feed antibiotics in the United States increased from 91 tons in 1950 to 9,300 tons in 2004, accounting for 58% of total antibiotics in the United States. Antibiotics are also widely used in animal growth promoters in countries such as New Zealand and Russia.

Why does antibiotic farming have the effect of promoting the growth of livestock and poultry? In principle, it is mainly because feeding antibiotics can inhibit or kill pathogenic microorganisms in animals and reduce the incidence rate; in the case of poor sanitation conditions in the breeding grounds, the balance of animal intestinal microbes can be maintained; animal feeding After antibiotics, the weight of the small intestine can be lightened, the intestinal wall becomes thinner, the intestinal villi becomes longer, and the absorption rate of nutrients is increased; the diarrhea of ​​young animals can be reduced, especially the incidence of diarrhea in young animals of colostrum is reduced, and Growing. Objectively speaking, feed antibiotics have an undeniable contribution to the rapid development of the modern livestock industry.

However, with the development of society, there have been many problems in the use of antibiotics in the global livestock industry. First, random addition of antibiotics to livestock and poultry feed; second, random use of antibiotic drug filter residue as feed ingredients or additives, because the trace residue contains trace amounts of antibiotics, which has a certain effect on reducing animal diseases; third, the use of prohibited antibiotics, including countries The veterinary antibiotics prohibited by the government and the antibiotics used by livestock and poultry; the fourth is the use of antibiotics before slaughter. Individual farmers do this to cover up the clinical symptoms of sick animals and poultry to avoid quarantine before slaughter; When livestock and poultry are sick, they use and abuse antibiotics.

The harm of antibiotics is "disuse abuse"

At present, the academic community generally believes that as long as the rational use of antibiotics, to ensure that the types and dosages comply with the relevant regulations, and to comply with the withdrawal period, will not affect human health. If the "anti-regulation and abuse" of antibiotics for livestock and poultry, it will pose potential and long-term harm to human beings, to human health, to ecology and the environment.

If humans have long-term intake of livestock and poultry products with excessive antibiotic residues, or livestock and poultry foods that often consume small amounts of the same antibiotics, the antibiotics are likely to accumulate in the human body after a certain period of accumulation. Various organs develop lesions and even induce cancer. At the same time, there is a range of health damage that can occur. For example, the most typical type of damage is allergies, because penicillins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and certain aminoglycosides can cause allergic reactions in some people. In another example, chronic poisoning, sulfa drugs can destroy the human hematopoietic system, and chloramphenicol can cause severe aplastic anemia.

It is worth noting that long-term consumption of meat with excessive amounts of antibiotics may produce “super bacteria” that are resistant to antibiotics. Of course, the production of super bacteria is not caused by the use of antibiotics alone in livestock and poultry, but also the use and antibiotics of antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of diseases, and the use of medical antibiotics in crop cultivation.

Nowadays, people have realized that the large-scale use of antibiotics for livestock and poultry is not only a short-term "slow-term" for the rapid growth of livestock and poultry. Improper use can also cause the immunity of livestock and poultry to decline, which may eventually lead to a large number of deaths. The reason is that antibiotics will kill the beneficial bacteria in the body while killing the pathogens. Long-term and large-scale use of antibiotics will make the intestinal flora of the organisms dysfunctional, causing the latent harmful bacteria to multiply and cause endogenous infections. On the other hand, antibiotics will kill sensitive bacteria in the body, providing opportunities for foreign drug-resistant bacteria to take advantage of the virtual, resulting in secondary and frequent disease of livestock and poultry. Finally, when residual antibiotics in animals enter the ecological environment through excreta, they increase the resistance of bacteria, which in turn harms animals and humans.

No anti-breeding will be "from relative to absolute"

In order to reduce antibiotic resistance and fundamentally reverse the harm caused by the abuse and abuse of antibiotics in the livestock and poultry breeding industry, the global livestock and poultry industry is promoting “no anti-breeding”.

No anti-aquaculture refers to the absence of antibiotics, hormones and other exogenous drugs during the breeding process. However, this definition has an absolute and relative distinction. Absolute non-resistance farming is to refuse to use all antibiotics in the prevention and control of diseases of livestock and poultry during the breeding process; the relative anti-aquaculture is the prevention and control of diseases of livestock and poultry, allowing the specification and rational use of some antibiotics.

No matter which country is to implement anti-aquaculture, it is impossible to achieve it in one step, and it will be from relative non-resistant culture to absolute non-resistant culture. Now, the EU has already taken the lead. Sweden took the first step in 1986, announcing the total ban on antibiotics as feed additives. Denmark has also banned the use of multiple antibiotics as growth promoters. In 2006, EU member states completely stopped using all antibiotic growth promoters. Of course, these measures are only relatively anti-aquaculture.

Previously, the World Health Organization classified the antibiotics used in animal husbandry into four categories based on their relevance to human health. Currently in the United States and Canada, the first class of antibiotics (for fungicides such as beta-lactams, including penicillins, cephalosporins, etc.) has been banned from use in animal production, both prescription and over-the-counter; The use of secondary antibiotics (which are quiescent bactericides such as aminoglycosides, including streptomycin, gentamicin, etc.) is also strictly controlled. At the same time, the United States began on January 1, 2017, the third category (fast-acting antibacterials, such as bacitracin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, etc.) and the fourth category (for chronic inhibitory bacteria) Drugs, such as sulfonamides and coccidiostat-based monensin, are also permitted, but require a prescription from a government-certified veterinarian. On January 1, 2018, Canada will also implement the same regulations as the United States.

Chinese aquaculture industry has antibiotic substitutes

The ultimate goal of the international community is to deactivate and ban antibiotics for livestock and poultry in 2027, achieving absolute non-resistant farming. In this regard, the voice of doubt is endless. One of the main reasons is that in animal husbandry, animals are always exposed to bacterial infections and diseases. Like humans, antibiotics are also important drugs for treating animal diseases.

Now, for China and the world's aquaculture industry, the elimination and prohibition of adding antibiotics to feed is virtually no problem, as breeding, nutrient blending and environmental improvement have greatly contributed to the growth of livestock. The question is whether it is possible to use antibiotics from the rational use of antibiotics to the absolute absence of antibiotics.

This can be learned from the successful experience of Canada. JEFO Animal Nutrition Canada's experience in producing chicken-free chickens is to first vaccinate broilers to boost immunity, including bronchitis vaccines, infectious bursal disease vaccines, Marek's disease vaccines and coccidiosis vaccines. At the same time, better and targeted rations are prepared for farmed poultry. Control the temperature and humidity of the house to ensure that each chicken can eat enough food within 24 hours of birth. The farm strictly controls the entry and exit of the personnel. Each batch of broiler chickens is strictly sterilized, and a thorough shed cleaning and chicken house cleaning are done throughout the year.

Fortunately, the Chinese aquaculture industry also has some antibiotic alternatives. For example, Chinese herbal extracts (Chongcao artificial cultures contain beneficial ingredients such as cordyceps polysaccharide, cordycepic acid, cordycepin, which can replace or significantly reduce the use and dosage of antibiotics, and significantly reduce livestock mortality), which is currently studied in China and Promote the application of a wide range of antibiotic alternatives.

In addition, more mature antibiotic substitutes are microbial preparations (mainly Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Bacillus, Yeast, etc., which can enhance the body's immune function, reduce mortality, but the effect is unstable), enzyme preparation (all The metabolism of the organism is carried out under the action of the enzyme. The enzyme preparation is not directly involved in attacking the pathogenic bacteria, most of which is to reduce the growth substrate of the pathogenic bacteria.) Acidifiers (such as fumaric acid and citric acid) can stimulate the activity of digestive enzymes and improve the digestion of feed nutrients. Rate, and kill or inhibit the microorganisms present in the feed itself, harmful bacteria in the digestive tract), special functional compounds (such as potassium diformate, glycosides and oligomeric chitin, potassium diformate can promote growth and antibacterial, The main components of formic acid and potassium formate are naturally occurring in nature and in the intestines of pigs and are completely biodegradable).

Therefore, in the case of fully and comprehensive immunization of farmed animals, improvement of sanitary conditions, and improvement of feed and nutrient conditions, animals should be treated without antibiotics, minor diseases and common diseases without the use of antibiotics instead of serious diseases. In the long run, absolutely no anti-aquaculture in China. It can be achieved.

Source: Beijing Youth Daily

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