Raspberry Growth Requirements for Environmental Conditions
Raspberry environmental conditions
1, soil raspberry generally requires deep soil, loose texture of the soil. About 90% of the raspberry roots are distributed 30 to 50 cm above the soil, which is concentrated in this space to absorb water and nutrients. It retains water and nutrients, and is rich in organic matter, which is conducive to better absorption of mineral nutrients by the root system. In addition, it is necessary to have good irrigation conditions in order to stably provide the required moisture during each growth period.
Raspberry grows in soil with more than 30% soil clay. Because the bottom of the clay cultivation layer or planting pit wall and soil layer is hard, the permeability is small, even temporary soil moisture saturation can cause serious damage. If it is watered for more than 10 minutes or even more than 10 hours during growth, the roots of the raspberry begin to suffocate and rot. In severe cases, the whole plant can die.
2. Temperature and temperature have multiple effects on raspberries. Freezing injury damages raspberry plants in several ways. In early summer, frost damage can kill summer flowers; severe frost or frost damage in autumn can stop the development of fruits and stop the growth of primary fruit branches; the most common freezing injury is the temperature effect of dormant low temperature and fluctuation in winter.
Red raspberries can tolerate about minus 29 degrees Celsius in winter, purple raspberries can tolerate minus 23 degrees, black raspberries can tolerate minus 20 degrees, and blackberries can tolerate temperatures below minus 17 degrees. The appeal temperature is only an estimate. If the plant is already dormant in the open, there is no longer sufficient sleep for the plants at low temperature. After 800 to 1600 hours of low temperature, cranberries can break the dormancy. Before the end of the winter, the plant body can be fully dormant. Blackberry sleeps only for 300 to 600 hours at low temperatures.
When the plant's required low temperature is satisfied, the plant no longer sleeps and begins to be sensitive to cold. Therefore, changes in winter temperature can make freezing damage more frequent, not only the impact of absolute low temperature. For this reason, the summer fruit variety is planted on the northern slope and minimizes the direct radiation of sunlight in winter.
If the warm period during late autumn and nighttime is prolonged and the soil is cooled down, freezing injury may occur, and the plants will not be able to adjust their resistance enough to adapt to a lower temperature, resulting in freezing injury. Freezing injury can cause the entire plant to die from buds to stems, and lighter parts can also impede moisture flow in the stems. In this case, the spring stem usually germinates, but in the case of heat or water loss, the new shoots easily wither. In severe cases, the growth of leaves and fruits does not reach the normal size, and the leaves may be green. These can be seen from the leaf color index.
The climate is too hot and the raspberry is also damaged. If the temperature is too high, the leaves of the raspberry will turn yellow. When the temperature increases, the fruit will mature quickly, and each small stone becomes white or yellow-white. In hot conditions, leaves and fruit are susceptible to sunburn. When the evapotranspiration or the amount of water released through the leaves exceeds the amount of water absorbed by the roots, wilting occurs. This phenomenon is caused by the lack of heat and soil moisture. In this case, the plant will close the stomata very quickly. Stomata are channels through which foliar oxygen, carbon dioxide passes, and moisture evaporates. Physiological activity ceases after the stomatal closure, which will result in smaller growth retardation and lower overall plant viability.
3. Moisture It is well known that raspberries perform poorly on transitional wet soils, which may be due to more pathogenic bacteria in wet soils. Phytophthora is a common source of raspberry roots. Raspberry seedlings capable of enduring wet soil have stronger natural resistance to Phytophthora. The red raspberry roots require high oxygen, while the flooded soil contains very little oxygen and can drown the roots. In order to determine the best degree of soil drainage, a few 91-cm deep pits can be dug. If the subsoil is brown or reddish-brown, the soil may be well-drained; while the subsoil is yellow or gray organic matter is variegated. The poor drainage of the soil is to avoid such site conditions; site conditions with accumulated water after the rain should also be avoided. Wet soils in autumn can make plants more vulnerable to freezing injury in the winter, and plants can grow too fast in autumn, and can also cause cold resistance, and make raspberry plants more sensitive to abrupt cooling.
The lack of soil moisture also affects the growth of raspberry. Drip irrigation is the best irrigation method for good plant growth, especially during fruit ripening. It is also possible to moisturize with a cover, but it is more expensive to purchase and it is best to cover with sawdust or clean straw. These coverings can moisturize and insulate the soil and provide stable moisture. By covering or drip irrigation, seasonal plant nutrition and water fluctuations are reduced.
4, light and light is the plant's energy, and stem growth, yield, quality of fruit. In general, stems exposed to sunlight produce more results, and when light intensity increases, the yield per plant will increase significantly. You can usually use trimming or scaffolding to solve the problem of insufficient light intensity. Adjusting the amount of light through raspberry crown cutting is only one factor controlling the development of the plant, and the other factor is the length of sunshine. People cannot change the length of sunlight in the field, but they can use other technical measures to adjust.
5, wind raspberry, especially purple berries and blackberries are particularly sensitive to wind damage, broken stems are the most obvious damage. The most effective way to solve the wind damage is to build a bridge. The role of the scaffolding is to increase the coverage of plants within a unit area while supporting the stems and reducing wind damage. The wind can cause damage to the stem when the base of the individual plants is broken or when they rub against each other. If the stem breaks off from the base, it may be confused with the root disease, so check the roots and base of the stem closely to clarify the cause of the symptoms. Winter winds can also cause dry or dehydrated stems. Dehydration stems are highly sensitive to cold and often die. Protecting raspberry plants with windbreaks can increase plant growth by 30% and yield by 40%.
6. Terrain and terrain can affect the distribution of light and moisture. Most hillside or mountain valleys are mixed with gravel with brown soil, brown soil or yellow soil. The soil layer is thick, and the air humidity in the mountain valley is relatively large, which is beneficial to the tree. The growth of raspberry. However, the valley's climate changes are relatively large, and the valley winds will have adverse effects. Under normal circumstances, northern slope, northeast slope due to less sunlight, water enrichment, evaporation is small; the southern slope of the sun, strong growth potential, the western slope and the southwest slope of the summer fruit susceptible to Sunburn.
7. Atmospheric environment In the environment with serious air pollution, it will have a serious adverse impact on the growth of raspberry, industrial dust can make the raspberry practically lose its use value, and can make the yellow leaves fall off.
8. Economic and geographical conditions The berry fruit is actually an unpackaged berry, which is not resistant to storage and is not easily mechanized. Raspberry should be grown in processing conditions and convenient transportation. In product sales, from the establishment of cold storage, packaging, transportation, processing systems, to the product to the market, should be comprehensive planning and unified arrangements.
There are many environmental factors that affect raspberry growth and results, including light, temperature, length of sunlight, soil moisture, and wind. But which factor plays a decisive role is indistinguishable. Because of the interaction of various factors and the special physiological conditions of the plant itself in a certain period, the environmental requirements are different. For example, a young, juicy stem exposed in the spring may die. Similarly, the autumn stem has passed a long cold period and will not be affected. If you add other pressures, such as moist soil, lack of fertilizer, pests, etc., the fall stem will be susceptible to low temperature. When judging environmental issues, the interaction of the plant environment system must be considered well.
(B) Garden selection and site preparation
1. Select a plot to choose a plot of land with sufficient sunshine, gentle terrain, deep soil, loose soil, high natural fertility, adequate water supply, and convenient transportation. In the mountains, terraces should be planted. The use of measures such as increased vegetation can prevent and control soil erosion and reduce wind and cold damage. According to the topography, topography, orchard planning, design roads, communities and irrigation systems.
2. The high land preparation for land preparation is the guarantee of high yield, stable production and high quality of raspberry. In the United States, where raspberries are grown, in order to increase soil organic matter and increase soil fertility, at least one or two years before the planting of raspberry, it is necessary to fully and deeply plough the soil, remove weeds, and plant legumes and other crops to increase soil. Organic matter levels and improve soil physical properties.
Before planting raspberry, soil disinfection is a very important measure. In particular, planting raspberries in reclamation lands is more prone to diseases and insect pests. In particular, root cancer and nematodes are more harmful to red raspberries. Nematodes not only survive inside the root system, but also transmit root cancer and root rot in the soil to raspberries. At present, the effect is not ideal whether the soil is mixed with pesticides or fumigated.
(three)
1, digging or planting ditch planting before planting a comprehensive deep-spotting site preparation, colonization when planting, planting the size of the hole according to the size of the root of the seedlings, usually 30 cm times 30 cm. The soil in the plots that have not undergone deep plowing is relatively hard, and planting trenches should be dug. Planting trenches are 60 to 70 cm wide, 50 to 60 cm deep, and planting trenches are north-south.
2. Planting Methods and Density Raspberry is planted on a single plant and becomes a belted forest 1 to 2 years later. Therefore, the best spacing for raspberry cultivation depends on the type of implement or hand, type of scaffolding, type of planting, and type of plant. Planting lines are usually about 90 to 121 centimeters wide in the United States, and the line spacing is mainly determined by the width of the equipment used, such as the use of a lawn mower or harvester, and the line spacing needs a minimum of 335 cm.
3, planting time in spring and autumn planting. Beijing is from mid-March to early April, from early September to early October. The survival rate in spring and autumn is almost the same. Other regions are advanced or delayed in accordance with the planting season in Beijing.
4. Post-planting management reduces the period of seedlings after planting and improves the survival rate. In the first year after the raspberry was planted, the following fields should be strengthened.
(1) Keep the soil moist After the planting, always check the soil moisture and keep the soil moisture stable. When water is insufficient, water should be promptly filled. The amount of irrigation water should not be large enough to moisten the root distribution layer. In the dry season, the orchards are sandy soils that are filled with water every 3 to 5 days. In the rainy season, the accumulation of water in the trenches will be prevented, affecting the aeration of the soil and causing rot.
(2) Bundle and top-dressing The primary stems grow about 60 centimeters and are easy to bend. They must be tied. Apply one fat each in May and June.
(3) Before wintering and wintering, fill the water once. The stems of the summer cranberries and blackberries are buried in cold weather. It is not too early or too late to withdraw the soil in the spring of the following year.
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