Animal model and animal disease model technology introduction
Animal Model | Animal Disease Model Technology Introduction
An animal model of human disease refers to an animal established in various medical scientific researches with a simulated manifestation of human disease. Animal models are a very important part of the overall biological research.
First, the significance of animal models
1, animal models can replicate some clinical diseases are not common, such as radiation sickness, poison gas poisoning, severe infectious diseases, trauma, tumors and so on. There are also some diseases such as hereditary, immune, metabolic and endocrine, blood, etc., which develop slowly, have a long incubation period, and have a long course of disease. It may be several years or decades, and it is difficult to carry out continuous observation for more than 3 generations in the human body. Animals with high morbidity in animal populations can be used to replicate various animal models by different means. Animal models are repeatedly observed and studied under artificial experimental conditions, and many can be observed for dozens of generations, while also avoiding the damage caused by human experiments.
2. The animal model can be sampled as needed. The animal model is used as a “replica†of human disease. The animal model can collect various samples at any time according to the needs of the researcher or collect the specimens in batches to understand the whole process of the disease. This is clinical. Difficult to do.
3. The general diseases are scattered and scattered. In the same period, it is difficult to obtain a certain amount of qualitative materials, and the model animals of the animal model are not only satisfied in the number of groups, but the animal model can strictly control the experimental conditions in methodology. In the case of strict control of animal model feeding conditions and genetic, microbial, nutrient and other factors, the variable factors of animal model experiments are limited by the action of physical, chemical or biological factors, and the influence of other factors in the research process is excluded. Obtain a large number of animal model materials with consistent conditions, so as to improve the comparability and repeatability of animal model experimental results, so that the results obtained are more accurate and deeper.
4, animal models help to fully understand the nature of the disease
It is inevitable that the nature of the disease is clinically limited. Many pathogens can cause infections in a variety of animals in addition to humans, and their signs and symptoms may not be identical. However, by comparing the zoonotic diseases of animal models, it is possible to fully understand the various hazards brought by the same pathogen to different organisms, and to raise the research work to a three-dimensional level to reveal the essence of a certain disease.
Second, the characteristics of animal models (disease models)
A good animal model (disease model) should have the following characteristics:
1, reproducibility is good, should reproduce the human disease to be studied, animal disease performance should be similar to human disease.
2. The animal model animal background data is complete, and the animal model life cycle meets the experimental needs.
3. The animal model has a high replication rate.
4, the specificity is good, that is, one method can only copy an animal model. It should be pointed out that no animal model can fully replicate all the manifestations of human diseases. Animals are not human beings after all. Animal model experiments are only an indirect study, and may only be similar to human diseases in one part or one aspect. Therefore, the correctness of the experimental results of the animal model is relative and must ultimately be verified on the human body. Once a phenomenon different from human disease is found in the process of replication, the nature and extent of the difference must be analyzed to find similarities and differences in order to be properly assessed.
Third, animal model classification
1. Classification by cause
(1) Spontaneous Animal Models
The animal model refers to a disease that occurs in an experimental animal without any conscious manual treatment. A genetic disease of a mutant line and a tumor disease model of an inbred line. Mutant lines have many genetic diseases and can be divided into metabolic diseases, molecular diseases and special protein synthesis abnormal diseases. Such as athymic nude mice, muscle wasting mice, obese mice, epileptic rats, hypertensive rats, spleen-free mice and glaucoma rabbits. They provide many valuable animal models for biomedical research. The tumor model of the inbred line varies greatly depending on the species and strain of the experimental animal, and the type and incidence of the tumor.
Many spontaneous animal models have important value in the study of human diseases, such as animal models of spontaneously hypertensive rats, spontaneous true diabetes in Chinese hamsters, various spontaneous tumors in mice, and familial goiter in goats. Etc. The most important advantage of using such animal models to study human diseases is that the occurrence and development of diseases are similar to those of humans. They are diseases that occur under natural conditions and have high application value. The source of the model is difficult and cannot be applied in large quantities.
There are some differences between the induced animal model and the naturally occurring animal disease model. For example, the sensitivity of the induced tumor and the spontaneous tumor to the drug is different. In addition, some human diseases have not been artificially induced in animals. Therefore, in recent years, the development of spontaneous animal disease models has been highly valued. Some scholars have even conducted large-scale surveys on diseases of dogs and cats. Cases of spontaneous disease are found, and then this spontaneous animal disease model is maintained by genetic breeding and cultivated into mutant lines with specific genetic traits for research. In recent years, many models of animal genetic diseases have been established through such methods. In this regard, various spontaneous animal disease models of mice and rats have been developed and applied the most. The use of such models in genetic diseases, metabolic diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, endocrine diseases and tumors is increasing.
(2) Induced or experimental animal models (Experimental Animal Models)
Experimental animal models refer to the effects of physical, chemical, and biological pathogenic factors on animals, causing certain damage to animal tissues, organs, or the body, and the function, metabolism, or toxicity of certain human diseases. Animals suffer from corresponding infectious diseases, such as cancers induced by chemical carcinogens, radiation, and oncogenic viruses. The animal model of induced disease has the characteristics of being able to replicate a large number of disease models in a short period of time, and can strictly control various conditions to make the replicated disease model suitable for research purposes, and is therefore commonly used in modern medical research, especially drug screening research. Work is preferred. However, there are some differences between the induced model and the naturally occurring disease model in some respects. Therefore, in the design of induced animal models, we should try to overcome its shortcomings and exert its characteristics.
2, by system scope
(1) Animal pathology of the basic pathological process of disease
Such animal disease models refer to models of some pathological processes common to various diseases. The pathogenic factors act on the animal under certain conditions, causing certain pathological damage to the animal tissues, organs or whole body, and various functions, metabolisms and structural changes occur, some of which may occur in various diseases, not various Some changes that are unique to the disease, such as fever, hypoxia, edema, inflammation, shock, diffuse intravascular coagulation, electrolyte imbalance, acid-base balance disorders, etc., we call the basic pathological process of the disease.
(2) Animal models of various diseases
Refers to the animal type corresponding to the diseases of various human systems. Systemic disease models such as cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, hematopoietic, urinary, reproductive, endocrine, neurological, and motor diseases, including various infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, endemic diseases, vitamin deficiency diseases, physical injury diseases, occupational diseases, and chemistry. Animal model of toxic disease
3. Classified by model type
The types of disease models include whole animals, isolated organs and tissues, cell strains, and even models. Animal models of disease are one of the commonly used disease models and a common means of studying human diseases.
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