Herb drying technology

The methods of hay preparation can be roughly divided into natural drying and artificial drying. (1) Natural Drying Natural drying does not require special equipment. Although it is largely limited by weather conditions, it is the main drying method currently used in China. Compared with the artificial drying method, the natural drying method is less efficient, labor-intensive, the quality of the produced hay is poor, and the cost is low. The natural drying method can be divided into three types: ground drying, straw drying and fermentation drying. Drying on the ground: also known as drying in the field. After the grass is castrated, it is dried in situ or at a higher altitude. After about 4 to 6 hours, it is dried to a moisture content of approximately 40% to 50%. The dried grasses continue to dry. According to the climatic conditions and the moisture content of the pasture, the grass can be turned over and the grass moisture is reduced to 35% to 40%. At this time, the leaves of the pasture have not yet fallen off, and the grass is used to integrate O.5 to 1 Migao's haystacks are kept loose and ventilated and reach full dryness after 1.5 to 2 days. The water content of leaves in forage grasses began to fall and the legume grasses accounted for 26% to 28%, and gramineous grasses accounted for 22% to 23%. At this time, the water content of the whole plant was 35% to 40%. In order to preserve the higher-value leaves, weeds and grass collection operations should be carried out when the moisture of pasture is not lower than 35% to 40%. Straw Drying Method: When grass is harvested in a rainy area, it is not easy to modulate the hay with the ground drying method. Hay can be prepared on haystacks specially made. Hay racks are mainly wooden stand, tripod, wire racks and scaffolds. The castrated pasture is placed on a hay rack from top to bottom, and its thickness is no more than 70 cm. It is kept fluffy and has a certain slope for light and drainage. Although the straw drying takes a certain amount of material, the hay quality is better and the nutrient loss is reduced by 5% to 10% compared with the ground drying. Fermentation drying method: wet and rainy areas, short illumination time, low light intensity, can not be modulated into hay by ordinary methods, can be fermented and dried to modulate. The castrated pasture is tiled and dried for a short period of time. When the moisture content is reduced to 50%, the layered grass is layered to a height of 3- to 5-meters. The grasshopper is compacted layer by layer. The surface layer is covered with soil or mulch to make the forage rapidly warm up. After the temperature rises within the 2- to 3-day grasshoppers to 60--700C, all pastures die and the grasshoppers are opened. With the loss of heat from the fermentation, they are air-dried or dried to produce brown hay with a slightly fermented aromatic sour taste. Livestock like eating. In case of rainy weather and continuous weather, it can be piled for 1 to 2 months. Once it is dry without rain, it is easy to dry. During the process of brown hay fermentation, due to the increase of temperature, the loss of nutrients was caused, and the impact on nitrogen-free extracts was the greatest, the loss was up to 40%, and the digestibility of nutrients was also reduced. (2) Artificial Drying Artificial drying has been rapidly developed in the past more than 30 years. Grassland animal husbandry developed countries such as the United States and Canada use artificial drying in the process of hay preparation of alfalfa and Bermudagrass. Artificial drying can reduce the loss of nutrients during the natural drying process of forages, so that the pasture can maintain a high nutritional value. Artificial drying mainly includes normal temperature blast drying and high temperature rapid drying. Normal-temperature blast drying: The drying of pasture can be stored outdoors in the open air, or can be dried in a straw shed. Normal-temperature blowers are installed in the stockyard and hay shed. Whether it is loose hay or hay bales, after stacking, air is blown in through the fence ventilation ducts set in the haystacks to achieve drying. Ambient air blast drying is suitable for use during hay harvesting, where the relative humidity is below 75% and temperatures above 15°C during most days, mornings and evenings. In places with high relative humidity, the air used for blowing should be properly warmed. The quality of pasture dried at normal temperature in the hay shed is better than that in sunny fields. Rapid drying at high temperature: rapid drying at high temperature Commonly used dryers quickly evaporate the water of pasture. There are different types of dryers. Some dryers have an inlet temperature of 75 to 2600C. The outlet temperature is 25 to 11600C. Some dryer inlets The temperature is 420-11600C and the outlet temperature is 60-2600C. In a dryer with a fresh moisture content of 80% to 85%, the moisture can be reduced to 5% to 10% within minutes or even seconds. It has almost no effect on the nutrient content and digestibility of herbage. For example, hay powder prepared in the early harvest of alfalfa and clover contains 20% crude protein, 200-400 mg carotene per kilogram and 24% or less. Cellulose. The hay made by the rapid drying method accounts for 95% and 90% to 95% of the carotenoids of the original fresh grass dry matter. (3) Other methods for accelerated drying In addition to the artificial drying method, the drying speed of forage grass can be accelerated. In addition, fracturing the stem and applying desiccant can both accelerate the drying of pasture and reduce the loss of nutrients in the drying process. (1) The length of drying time of fracturing grass stems for accelerating drying The actual drying time of the grasses depends on the drying time of the stems. Drying speed of the stems and leaves is much slower. When the leaves of leguminous pasture are dried to a moisture content of 15% to 20%, the moisture content of the stem is 35% to 40%. Therefore, accelerating the drying speed of the stem can accelerate the whole drying process of forage grass and reduce the inconsistent stem and leaf drying. The leaves fall off. It is often used to forage grass stalks to crush the stems of the grass and destroy the epidermis of the cuticle of the stems. The vascular bundles of the stems are destroyed and exposed, so that the evaporation rate of the water in the stems is greatly accelerated, and the drying speed of the stems can generally keep up with that of the leaves. Drying speed. Under good weather conditions, the time required for the stems to be dried after fracturing is compared to the same type of pasture without fracturing, the former being only 1/2 to 1/3 of the time used by the latter. There are two types of hay balers, cylindrical and corrugated. The cylindrical compactor is equipped with a pick-up device. The compactor longitudinally crushes the grass stems, and the wave-type compactor has fracturing of the stems at certain intervals. After the forage is cut, it should be fractured as soon as possible, preferably by cutting, fracturing, and continuous operation in a row. (2) Accelerated drying of chemical desiccants Recent studies in recent two decades have shown that certain chemicals can accelerate the drying speed of legumes. Potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, long-chain fatty acid methyl esters, etc. are widely used at present. Spraying Leguminosae alfalfa with a solution of these substances can destroy pasture epidermis. The waxy layer on the surface of the stem, in particular, promotes the distribution of water in pasture, speeds up the drying of the field, shortens the drying time, reduces the loss of alfalfa leaf, and increases the content of protein and dry matter production. To make it more digestive.

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