[Front] Light Control Gene Editor is expected to shut down oncogenes

Why do people get cancer? The human body carries the proto-oncogene. When the proto-oncogene is stimulated by external physical or chemical carcinogens, it becomes cancerous and people get cancer. Gene therapy refers to the introduction of a foreign normal gene into a target cell to correct or compensate for diseases caused by genetic defects and abnormalities for therapeutic purposes.

If the proto-oncogene is cut off, will people not get cancer?

In theory, this is indeed a viable option. The prior art gene editing is mainly implemented by using the CRISPR gene editing system. The CRISPR gene editing system can remove or replace any of the marker genes of living cells. Recently, MIT researchers have added an additional layer of control, through the system's response light, you can achieve precise control of gene editing.

With this new system, researchers can perform genetic editing by simply irradiating the target cells with UV light. Such control methods can help scientists study in more detail how cells and genetic material affect embryonic development and genetic diseases. It can even be accurate to turn off oncogenes in tumor cells.

Light sensitive, enabling precise control of time and space nodes

"The advantage of this converter is that it allows precise control of time and space nodes," said Sngeeta Bhatia, a comprehensive cancer researcher at the MIT Institute of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the MIT Institute of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.

Piyush Jain, a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute of Medical Engineering and Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has established a method to control RNA interference by transmitting small strands of RNA to cells to temporarily block specific genes. So Jain got the inspiration and applied the same technique to the CRISPR editor.

The CRISPR editing gene is a complex process that requires a short strand of RNA to direct the endonuclease Cas9 to a specific gene region and then cleave the gene under the action of Cas9. The DNA repair gel of the cell reconnects the two ports that are constructed, thereby achieving long-term deletion of a small number of genes that render it ineffective.

To make the CRISPR light-sensitive system, the researchers modified the Cas9 to have shear capability only when it received light of a specific wavelength. The MIT team decided to use different methods to guide RNA segments and achieve light sensitivity. Bhatia said that in the future, people can more easily achieve the goal of making photosensitive Cas9 by transmitting improved guide RNA segments to compile target cells.

"In addition to adding a light-activated protector, you don't need anything else," she explained. "This attempt made the system more modular." To make the guide RNAs photosensitive, the MIT team created a "protector" - a DNA sequence that cleaves the bonds to form the backbone. These DNA segments can be bound to different guide RNAs as needed, thereby preventing RNA from being linked to other target genes.

When the researchers illuminate the target cells with 365 nm wavelength light, the protective DNA breaks into several smaller fragments, and the RNA falls and binds to the marker gene, guiding the Cas9 endonuclease to cleave it.

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