Eustoma Cultivation Technique
English name: lisianthus
Scientific name: Eustoma grandiflorum
Family Genus: Gentianaceae Grass Gentian Origin: From the southern United States to Mexico, the characteristics of the bottom limestone zone: Eustoma, also known as prairie gentian, one or two years old rooted herbs, stems erect, leaves opposite, ovate or Oblong. Flowers solitary or into panicles. Sex is cold and cool. It starts to germinate and grow in spring when there is more rainfall and the temperature is more suitable. It encounters high temperatures in summer and it appears clustered. The leaves become thicker, the color becomes darker, the leaves are slightly twisted, and the leaves look like a layer of white powder. The most remarkable feature is that the internodes cannot be stretched; but after winter cold stimulation, the clustering phenomenon will be broken, the internodes will begin to elongate and grow, the flower buds will differentiate, and the sunshine will prolong as the temperature rises. , It is fruitful in autumn, and the winter seed matures. However, if you want to produce excellent quality cut flowers, you need to control the growth temperature, the minimum is not less than 15 °C, the highest is not higher than 25 °C. At the same time pay attention to crop rotation or disinfection.
I. Seeding Seedlings Eustoma Campanulaceae seed is very small, about 20,000 grains per gram, and about 1,000 grains per gram of coated seeds. During the nursery, there are specific requirements for temperature, humidity, moisture, and drinking and lighting. The nursery medium must have good water retention and fertilizer retention, but also have good ventilation and drainage performance. It is required to keep moist but not saturated. . Generally peat, vermiculite, perlite ratio of 6:3:1 is appropriate. It is advisable to use imported peat for sowing. The following describes the breeding process of Eustoma in four phases.
Phase I, radicle germination stage (10 to 12 days)
1. The media temperature is 22 ~ 25 °C, always keep moist, but do not get too wet. Placing a layer of non-woven fabric on the plug helps maintain the humidity of the medium and improves the bud's regularity.
2. During the whole period of raising seedlings, keep the temperature at 21 to 24°C during the day and 18 to 21°C at night.
3. Do not need to cover after sowing. If you can add 1000 ~ 3000Lux of light, the better.
4. The pH is 6.2-6.5.
5. EC value is less than 0.75ms/cm. It is sensitive to high salt and keeps the ammonium concentration less than 10 ppm.
Phase II, stems and cotyledons appear (14 to 21 days)
1. The medium temperature is 20-22°C. To prevent clustering, do not exceed 25°C during the day and 15°C during the night. Reduce the temperature of the medium after radicle emergence. Because Eustoma is a rooted plant, the root system grows rapidly. If the temperature can be properly lowered after the cotyledon is fully expanded, the growth will be better.
2. It is necessary to receive light from the second stage. If it is left in the dark germination room for too long, it will cause seedling death. If winter production, supplement light 4500 ~ 7000Lux, can shorten the growth period.
3. The pH is 6.5-6.8.
4. The EC value is less than 0.75ms/cm.
5. After the cotyledons have been fully expanded, fertilization is started and 14-0-14 fertilizers are used, 1 or 2 times a week, with a nitrogen concentration of 50-75 ppm. However, the ammonium nitrogen concentration must be kept below 10 ppm.
6. Apply fertilization alternately with water. In order to promote germination and root development, the medium is slightly dried and then watered. Watering in the morning and drying the leaves before dark can minimize the occurrence of diseases.
Stage 3, true leaf growth and development stages (28 to 35 days)
1. The medium temperature is 18-20°C.
2. In order to prevent the phenomenon of clustering, avoid the temperature is too high or too low, but also to prevent low light and humidity too much, in order to reduce plant leggy and pests and diseases.
3. In order to promote root development and control the growth of young leaves, the medium should be completely dried and then watered, provided that the plants do not die.
4. pH 6.5 ~ 6.8,
5. EC value is about 1.0ms/cm.
The fertilizers of 6.20-10-20 and 14-0-14 are used alternately and the concentration of nitrogen is 100-150ppm.
7. Apply fertilizer once every 2 to 3 times of pouring water.
Phase IV, preparation for transplantation or transportation (7 days)
1. The medium temperature is 17 to 18°C.
2. Dry and then water, but do not let the plants die.
3. The pH is 6.5-6.8.
4. EC value is about 0.75ms/cm.
5. If necessary, fertilize with 14-0-14 fertiliser, the concentration of nitrogen is 100-150ppm.
6. Plug seedlings should be timely transplanted to ensure root vitality, do not save too long to make the root system winding, aging, otherwise it will cause short stems, flowering late.
Second, the transplant is generally the first to fully expand the true leaf, and the third is not the best time to plant the true leaf. The root of Eustoma is directly rooted and its regenerative ability is weak, and it needs to be transplanted in due course. If the transplant is postponed, it will root and stunt it. At the same time, rooting should be prevented during transplantation, otherwise growth retardation or clustered seedlings can be easily caused. Before the transplant, black mulch film and supporting installation of drip irrigation can reduce the damage of weeds, improve the ability of water retention and fertilizer retention, and also be beneficial to winter heat preservation, fertilization and watering. The eustoma environment differs greatly from the cultivation environment and requires a week of seedlings to adapt to the cultivation environment. In the initial stage of transplantation, care must be taken to avoid the undesired environment such as dryness of the medium, strong light, and high temperature. Shade nets or external shading can be used to avoid glare, and fixed or temporary spray equipment can be added at high temperatures to reduce the temperature in the facility until the leaves of the plant are elongated, without round, thick leaves and leaves. When the clustering occurs flat, the spraying can be stopped, and the proper moisture content of the soil is maintained.
Third, cultivation and management
1. Light regulation of Eustoma is more sensitive to light response, long-day light will promote the growth of stems and leaves and the formation of flower buds, generally the best light of 16 hours a day. Light cultivation generally has two methods: one is to add light intermittently, that is, add a few hours of light at night time; second is to extend the light, is to extend the light time in the evening, the general effect of the first method is better. During the winter and early spring, it is important to pay attention to fill light and usually add 2 to 4 hours at night.
2. The suitable temperature for temperature control of Platycodon grandiflorum growth is 20-24°C during the day and 16-18°C during the night. Its fertility rate, such as the degree of elongation between the nodes, the speed of flower bud differentiation, and the length of the harvest period, are easily affected by temperature changes. Therefore, it is necessary to warm the winter and early spring, especially if it can be warmed up at night or during the cold period. In general, early-born seeds have lower temperature requirements. If the temperature is too high, the growth period will be shortened and the plants will become shorter, increasing the possibility of clustering. Especially at the seedling stage, the high temperatures will lead to a decrease in the number of flowers, the upper internodes are long, the peduncles are weak, and the quality is low; but if the temperature is too low, the growth will be slow or even not flowering.
3. Fertilized Eustoma is a plant with a high amount of fertilizer. If the basal fertilizer is not enough, topdressing is very important.
Eustoma not only requires a large number of sufficient elements, but also requires more calcium in the soil, and at the same time maintains a proper high soil pH to facilitate the absorption of calcium, zinc, and other elements. Fertilizers are usually applied once every two weeks in the growing season, alternating with 14-0-14 and 20-10-20 fertilizers, with concentrations of 100-200 ppm being appropriate. When fertilizing, pay attention to the ratio of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen. Normally, ammonium nitrogen will make the growth rate of stems and leaves faster, the leaves will be larger and softer, and the leaf color is thicker, but it is easy to cause leggy, especially at temperature. It should not be used when it is low. Potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate can be added, but during the formation of flower buds, potassium nitrate is the main supplement. About 6 weeks after transplanting, when it is grown to the 7th position, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers must be added in particular, and the aqueous solution can be sprayed on the plants so that the thick stems do not droop. If you continue to supplement nitrogen fertilizer, in addition to stem thin, the length of the internodes will also be elongated, resulting in inconsistent length of the upper and lower internodes.
The medium salt concentration of Eustoma planting should not be too high, EC value should be lower than 1ms/cm. Therefore, the salt concentration in the medium must be determined before transplantation.
The tip of the new leaf of the high-temperature plant in summer is scorched, which is a phenomenon of calcium deficiency. Increased ventilation and increased evapotranspiration are the best ways to avoid calcium deficiency. Calcium ions are usually brought into the leaves by vacuum suction generated by evapotranspiration. Ventilation should be effective before the occurrence of calcium deficiency. The benefits of ventilation can also be reduced to prevent the flower color from failing to show due to high temperatures.
In the late growth stage, if the stem breaks easily or there is a phenomenon of longitudinal cracking, it may be due to lack of boron. Spraying plants with a diluted solution of boric acid can improve this phenomenon.
4. Watering Eustoma strict requirements on water, too much water will cause root growth is poor, but also easy to infect the disease; too little water will make thin stems and leaves, early flowering. Within one month after transplantation, the medium should be kept moist, and drip irrigation can be used to control the moisture. Especially after the formation of flower buds, the high temperature and high humidity growth environment should be avoided as much as possible.
5. The pH of the original origin of the Eustoma bulbs is 7.0 to 8.0. Therefore, the pH of the cultivated soil is preferably 7.0 and is generally controlled at 6.5 to 7.0. If the pH is too low, it will cause poor growth, the leaves will be coked and not even buds. The pH can be adjusted by applying quicklime.
6. Blocking in order to prevent lodging, when the plant height 15cm block, the net with the plant growth and high, the mesh according to the plant density adjustment to 1515cm or 1520cm more appropriate. A layer of web with a height of 80 cm or less, and a layer of web with a thickness of 80 cm or more.
7. Diseases,Pests and Diseases: Common diseases include blight, gray mold, and sclerotia. In addition to the timely removal of diseased plants, removal of diseased leaves and diseased flowers, and the use of antibiotics such as humin, vancomycin, Mancozeb, etc., for prevention and treatment, it is usually necessary to enhance ventilation and reduce air humidity.
Insect pests: Aphids, leaf curl insects, Spodoptera litura, and leaf miners. According to the occurrence, the corresponding pesticide is applied.
Fourth, the general flower opening 1.5 ~ 2 can be harvested. In order to improve the quality and extend the cut flower life, it is best to open 1/3 buds. Since the eustoma has good water absorption, it should be immersed in clean water immediately after harvesting. Putting a small amount of sugar into the bottle two days before the bottle can extend the bottle insertion time. Usually, the sugar must be placed with preservatives, and the eustoma is less sensitive to ethylene. If the moisture is controlled one month before harvest and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is reduced, the cut flower quality can be significantly improved.
V. Common problems The most common problem in cultivation at present is the phenomenon of clustering caused by bad environment. The main performances are: plant leaves are oval, flat, internodes do not grow, grow slowly, flower farmers call it "sleep." From the original conditions of the environment to explore the reasons for the clustering phenomenon, we can see that the phenomenon of clustering is a state of growth caused by the bad environment. The occurrence of clustering of cultivated Eustoma is bound to prolong the cultivation time and increase the production cost.
The phenomenon of clustering occurs when the seedlings encounter high-temperature and dry conditions or in the field environment after planting. The most effective way to avoid the clustering phenomenon is to raise the seedlings in a cool environment, that is, keep the seedlings at a daily temperature of 23°C and a nighttime temperature of 18°C ​​after sowing. Or in 2 to 4 pairs of true leaves, raising the seedlings at a temperature of about 10°C for 30 days. Second, bad environmental factors such as strong light, high temperature, and lack of water should be avoided in the initial stage of colonization. Third, the use of plug seedlings, transplants to avoid injury, and pay attention to water management, prevent seedling aging. Finally, you can choose early or low temperature varieties with low demand.
In addition, the phenomena of clustering are similar to but not clustered in that the internodes are not elongated due to low temperature. The clustering phenomenon is that all the leaves of plants, including new leaves, are flat, and the plants are not stretched due to low temperatures. In the elderly, the new leaves are straight, and the two are easily confused. Especially in winter and spring, the temperature difference between day and night is great. During the planting period in the south, the temperature in the daytime can be close to 30°C, and the temperature can be reduced to 15 in the early morning. ~20°C, the temperature will be lower when the cold current strikes, so it is very important to keep the windproof and insulate at night and cool the air during the day so as to prevent the phenomenon of clustering but not to cause the knots to be stretched or the lengths between the nodes to be different due to the low temperature. The situation arises.
Insulation Series,Outdoor White Reflective Shade Net,Black Outdoor Shade Netting,Shade Net With Good Ventilation
Changzhou Green Nets Co.,Ltd. , https://www.czglnets.com